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Diabetes Information |
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Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes affects the manner in which the body handles digested carbohydrates. If neglected, diabetes can cause serious health complications, ranging from blindness to kidney failure. Approximately 8% of the population in the United States has diabetes. This means that approximately 16 million people have been diagnosed with the disease, based only on national statistics. The American Diabetes Association estimates that diabetes accounts for 178,000 deaths, 54,000 amputees, and 12,000-24,000 cases of blindness annually. Blindness is 25 times more common among diabetic patients compared to nondiabetics. It is proposed that by the year 2010, diabetes will exceed both heart disease and cancer as the leading cause of death through its many complications. Diabetics have a high level of blood glucose. The blood sugar level is regulated by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, which releases it in response to food consumption. Insulin causes the cells of the body to take in glucose from the blood. The glucose is used as fuel for cellular functions. Diagnostic standards for diabetes have been fasting plasma glucose levels greater than 140 mg/dL on two occasions and plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL following a 75-gram glucose load. More recently, the American Diabetes Association lowered the criteria for a diabetes diagnosis to fasting plasma glucose levels equal to or greater than 126 mg/dL. Fasting plasma levels outside the normal limit require additional tests, usually by repeating the fasting plasma glucose test and (if indicated) giving the patient an oral glucose tolerance test. The symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination, excessive thirst and hunger, sudden weight loss, blurred vision, delay in healing of wounds, dry and itchy skin, repeated infections, fatigue and headache. These symptoms, while suggestive of diabetes, may be due to other reasons also. There are two different types of diabetes. Type I Diabetes (juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes): The cause of type I diabetes is caused by pancreatic inability to produce insulin. It is responsible for 5-10% of cases of diabetes. The pancreatic Islet of Langerhans cells, which secrete the hormone, are destroyed by the body's own immune system, probably because it mistakes them for a virus. Viral infections are thought to be the trigger that sets off this auto-immune disease. It is more common in caucasians and runs in families. If untreated, death occurs within a few months of the onset of juvenile diabetes, as the cells of the body starve because they no longer receive the hormonal prompt to take in glucose. While most Type I diabetics are young (hence the term Juvenile Diabetes), the condition can develop at any age. Autoimmune diabetes can be definitely diagnosed by a blood test which shows the presence of anti-insulin/anti-islet-cell antibodies. Type II Diabetes (non insulin dependent diabetes or adult onset diabetes): This diabetes is a result of body tissues becoming resistant to insulin. It accounts for 90-95% of cases. Often the pancreas is producing more than average amounts of insulin, but the cells of the body have become unresponsive to its effect due to the chronically high level of the hormone. Eventually the pancreas may exhaust its over-active secretion of the hormone, and insulin levels fall to below normal. A tendency towards Type II diabetes is hereditary, but it is unlikely to develop in normal-weight individuals eating a low- or moderate-carbohydrate diet. Obese, sedentary individuals who eat poor-quality diets based on refined starch, which constantly activates pancreatic insulin secretion, are prone to develop insulin resistance. Native peoples such as North American Indians whose traditional diets did not include refined starch until its recent introduction by Europeans have extremely high rates of diabetes, up to 5 times the rate of caucasians. Blacks and hispanics are also at higher risk. Though Type II diabetes is not fatal within a matter of months, it can lead to health complications over several years and cause severe disability and premature death. As with Type I diabetes, the condition is found primarily in one age group, in this case people over 40 (which is why it is often termed Adult Onset); however, with the rise in childhood and teenage obesity, it is appearing in children as well. If neglected, diabetes can lead to life-threatening complications such as kidney damage (nephropathy), heart disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), retinal damage and blindness(retinopathy), and hypoglycemia (drastic reduction in glucose levels). Diabetes damages blood vessels, especially smaller end-arteries, leading to severe and premature atherosclerosis. Diabetics are prone to foot problems because neuropathy, which affects approximately 10% of patients, causes their feet to lose sensation. Foot injuries, common in day-to-day living, go unnoticed, and these injuries do not heal because of poor circulation through the small arteries in the foot. Gangrene and subsequent amputation of toes or feet is the consequence for many elderly patients with poorly-controlled diabetes. Usually these sequelae appear earlier in Type I than Type II diabetes, because Type II patients have some of their own insulin production left to buffer changes in blood sugar levels. Type I diabetes is a serious disease and there is no permanent cure for it. However, the symptoms can be controlled by strict dietary monitering and insulin injections. Implanted pumps which release insulin immediately in response to changes in blood glucose are in the testing stages. In theory, since it caused by diet, Type II diabetes should be preventable and manageable by dietary changes alone, but in practice many diabetics (and many obese people without diabetes) find it personally impossible to lose weight or adhere to a healthy diet. Therefore they are frequently treated with drugs which restore the body's response to insulin, and in some cases injections of insulin. Please note that this article is not a subsitute for medical advice. If you suspect you have diabetes or are in a high risk group, please see your doctor. For more information, please visit our site,http://www.diabetes-testing-2006.info Frank Vanderlugt
MORE RESOURCES: Reversing type 2 diabetes is possible. Here's how. National Geographic Diabetes, hypertension cases on the rise in Solan district The Tribune India 84 drug batches fail quality test, commonly used antacids, diabetes meds among them The Times of India Almost Half of People With Type 2 Diabetes Are Vitamin Deficient Everyday Health Diabetic Retinopathy National Institutes of Health (NIH) (.gov) Stopping diabetes at the YMCA Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada Islet Transplantation with Blood Vessel Cells Shows Promise to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Weill Cornell Medicine Newsroom Diabetes World Health Organization Diabetes and Endocrinology Sinai Health Diabetes First Nations Health Authority ‘Sweat, spike, solve’: Research suggests a new strategy for people with Type 1 diabetes to lower blood sugar after exercise University of Alberta Yearslong shortage of popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs is resolved, FDA says Hamilton Spectator Message from Dr. Norman Rosenblum on World Diabetes Day 2024: Empowering Global Health - CIHR Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta Guidance on global monitoring for diabetes prevention and control: Framework, indicators and application World Health Organization Innovative mobile clinic brings equitable diabetes care to Calgary's underserved communities University of Calgary Adolescence and diabetes: a risky zone McGill University Health Centre Urgent action needed as global diabetes cases increase four-fold over past decades World Health Organization Gestational Diabetes in Subsequent Pregnancies Significantly Increases Risk of Type 2 Diabetes McGill University Health Centre Emma and Addison Eagles: Finding strength and hope in life with type 1 diabetes Nova Scotia Health Authority nature-diabetes - University of Victoria - University of Victoria University of Victoria News Abbott's stigma-busting campaign shows how diabetes biases lead to silence, skipped care FiercePharma SGK1 drives hippocampal demyelination and diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction in mice Nature.com World Diabetes Day 14 November Welcome to the United Nations Diabetes World Health Organization GLP-1 drugs tied to lower brain inflammation, higher depression risk Medical News Today World Diabetes Day 2024 World Health Organization New Study Finds Online Advertising for Compounded Diabetes and Weight-Loss Drugs May Mislead Consumers Yale School of Medicine Diabetes drugs may boost brain health but experts warn of risks News-Medical.Net Healthy Living with Diabetes - NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) We are Breakthrough T1D Breakthrough T1D ADI Celebrates 100 Years of Insulin | Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta World Diabetes Day World Health Organization Portraits of Diabetes University of Alberta JAMIE - Portraits of Diabetes University of Alberta What you should know about: Diabetic Eye Disease University of Waterloo BOB - Portraits of Diabetes University of Alberta With Diabetes on the Rise, Prevention is Key – Diabetes Awareness with Kayleigh Gordon Shared Health Tirzepatide reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 94% in adults with pre-diabetes and obesity or overweight Investors | Eli Lilly and Company Want to lose 10 kg fast and reverse diabetes? Nutritionist says do this ‘1 thing before and after every meal’ Hindustan Times Anniversary of the High-Level Technical Summit to accelerate action on diabetes World Health Organization Yearslong shortage of popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs is resolved, FDA says The Associated Press How diabetes got its name Michigan State University Diabetes Hub | Sun Life Canada Sunlife Changes to Gut Microbiome May Increase Type 2 Diabetes Risk Harvard Medical School RICHARD - Portraits of Diabetes University of Alberta We know about Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, but what is ‘Type 3 diabetes’? Office for Science and Society New Diabetes Drug Reduces Stroke and Heart Attack Risk Sri Lanka Guardian Adolescence and diabetes: a risky zone Health e-News Pivotal study finds benefits of reduced calorie diet for pregnant women with gestational diabetes Diabetes UK Could a broccoli sprout compound lower blood sugar? Medical News Today NIH launches large study to tackle type 2 diabetes in young people National Institutes of Health 10 Common Myths About Type 2 Diabetes First Nations Health Authority Yearslong shortage of popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs is resolved, FDA says - Niagara Gazette Making contraception and diabetes medications free for Canadians Prime Minister of Canada |
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