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Diabetes Information |
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Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes affects the manner in which the body handles digested carbohydrates. If neglected, diabetes can cause serious health complications, ranging from blindness to kidney failure. Approximately 8% of the population in the United States has diabetes. This means that approximately 16 million people have been diagnosed with the disease, based only on national statistics. The American Diabetes Association estimates that diabetes accounts for 178,000 deaths, 54,000 amputees, and 12,000-24,000 cases of blindness annually. Blindness is 25 times more common among diabetic patients compared to nondiabetics. It is proposed that by the year 2010, diabetes will exceed both heart disease and cancer as the leading cause of death through its many complications. Diabetics have a high level of blood glucose. The blood sugar level is regulated by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, which releases it in response to food consumption. Insulin causes the cells of the body to take in glucose from the blood. The glucose is used as fuel for cellular functions. Diagnostic standards for diabetes have been fasting plasma glucose levels greater than 140 mg/dL on two occasions and plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL following a 75-gram glucose load. More recently, the American Diabetes Association lowered the criteria for a diabetes diagnosis to fasting plasma glucose levels equal to or greater than 126 mg/dL. Fasting plasma levels outside the normal limit require additional tests, usually by repeating the fasting plasma glucose test and (if indicated) giving the patient an oral glucose tolerance test. The symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination, excessive thirst and hunger, sudden weight loss, blurred vision, delay in healing of wounds, dry and itchy skin, repeated infections, fatigue and headache. These symptoms, while suggestive of diabetes, may be due to other reasons also. There are two different types of diabetes. Type I Diabetes (juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes): The cause of type I diabetes is caused by pancreatic inability to produce insulin. It is responsible for 5-10% of cases of diabetes. The pancreatic Islet of Langerhans cells, which secrete the hormone, are destroyed by the body's own immune system, probably because it mistakes them for a virus. Viral infections are thought to be the trigger that sets off this auto-immune disease. It is more common in caucasians and runs in families. If untreated, death occurs within a few months of the onset of juvenile diabetes, as the cells of the body starve because they no longer receive the hormonal prompt to take in glucose. While most Type I diabetics are young (hence the term Juvenile Diabetes), the condition can develop at any age. Autoimmune diabetes can be definitely diagnosed by a blood test which shows the presence of anti-insulin/anti-islet-cell antibodies. Type II Diabetes (non insulin dependent diabetes or adult onset diabetes): This diabetes is a result of body tissues becoming resistant to insulin. It accounts for 90-95% of cases. Often the pancreas is producing more than average amounts of insulin, but the cells of the body have become unresponsive to its effect due to the chronically high level of the hormone. Eventually the pancreas may exhaust its over-active secretion of the hormone, and insulin levels fall to below normal. A tendency towards Type II diabetes is hereditary, but it is unlikely to develop in normal-weight individuals eating a low- or moderate-carbohydrate diet. Obese, sedentary individuals who eat poor-quality diets based on refined starch, which constantly activates pancreatic insulin secretion, are prone to develop insulin resistance. Native peoples such as North American Indians whose traditional diets did not include refined starch until its recent introduction by Europeans have extremely high rates of diabetes, up to 5 times the rate of caucasians. Blacks and hispanics are also at higher risk. Though Type II diabetes is not fatal within a matter of months, it can lead to health complications over several years and cause severe disability and premature death. As with Type I diabetes, the condition is found primarily in one age group, in this case people over 40 (which is why it is often termed Adult Onset); however, with the rise in childhood and teenage obesity, it is appearing in children as well. If neglected, diabetes can lead to life-threatening complications such as kidney damage (nephropathy), heart disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), retinal damage and blindness(retinopathy), and hypoglycemia (drastic reduction in glucose levels). Diabetes damages blood vessels, especially smaller end-arteries, leading to severe and premature atherosclerosis. Diabetics are prone to foot problems because neuropathy, which affects approximately 10% of patients, causes their feet to lose sensation. Foot injuries, common in day-to-day living, go unnoticed, and these injuries do not heal because of poor circulation through the small arteries in the foot. Gangrene and subsequent amputation of toes or feet is the consequence for many elderly patients with poorly-controlled diabetes. Usually these sequelae appear earlier in Type I than Type II diabetes, because Type II patients have some of their own insulin production left to buffer changes in blood sugar levels. Type I diabetes is a serious disease and there is no permanent cure for it. However, the symptoms can be controlled by strict dietary monitering and insulin injections. Implanted pumps which release insulin immediately in response to changes in blood glucose are in the testing stages. In theory, since it caused by diet, Type II diabetes should be preventable and manageable by dietary changes alone, but in practice many diabetics (and many obese people without diabetes) find it personally impossible to lose weight or adhere to a healthy diet. Therefore they are frequently treated with drugs which restore the body's response to insulin, and in some cases injections of insulin. Please note that this article is not a subsitute for medical advice. If you suspect you have diabetes or are in a high risk group, please see your doctor. For more information, please visit our site,http://www.diabetes-testing-2006.info Frank Vanderlugt
MORE RESOURCES: Caring For Diabetes Is A Family Affair Chatelaine Clinical trial shows oral semaglutide vastly reduces heart attacks, strokes in people with type 2 diabetes Medical Xpress Novo Nordisk's diabetes pill slashes risk of cardiovascular complications by 14% after four years CNBC Reversing type 2 diabetes is possible. Here's how. National Geographic GLP-1 diabetes drugs not linked to heightened suicidality risk McGill University WHO and International Diabetes Federation co-hosted hybrid event at the IDF World Diabetes Congress in Bangkok World Health Organization (WHO) Helping Families Navigate a Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in Their Child University of Utah Health Does Coffee Raise Blood Sugar? Everyday Health Alzheimer’s Research: A Clear Connection with Diabetes Diabetes in Control Semaglutide, or Ozempic, reduces symptoms of feared diabetes’ complication, study finds The Globe and Mail Progression from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes can be predicted: Researchers University of Toronto A prospective study of early pregnancy metal concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus based on a birth cohort in Northwest China BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Painless diabetes patch to replace needle pricks University of Waterloo Development and validation of a prediction model for gestational diabetes mellitus risk among women from 8 to 14 weeks of gestation in Western China BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Lipidomic analysis reveals metabolism alteration associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes BioMed Central Elevated triglyceride-glucose index is a risk factor for cardiovascular events in adults with type 1 diabetes: a cohort study BioMed Central Research Highlights Role of Gut Microbiome and Diabetes Risk Managed Healthcare Executive How I Learned My Diabetes Was Affecting My Eyes HealthCentral Relationship between hemoglobin glycation index and myocardial mechano-energetic efficiency in non-diabetic individual BioMed Central Vertex abandons islet cell-device combo after failing to improve diabetes biomarker - Fierce Biotech Dark Chocolate Reduces Risk of Diabetes? Don’t Count on It McGill University Diabetes World Health Organization (WHO) Power outages put diabetes patients at risk Yale Climate Connections Diabetes and Endocrinology Sinai Health New Options for Controlling Type 2 Diabetes UVA Health Newsroom Stabilizing ‘molecular glues’ protect β cells in type 2 diabetes BioWorld MedTech Are food emulsifiers making you sick? New research points to Type 2 diabetes and other health risks. Class Action Lawsuits Why sponsors should be using community research in obesity and diabetes trials Clinical Trials Arena UVA Health shares new treatment options for patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes - WRIC ABC 8News What To Know About Type 1.5 Diabetes health.com Message from Dr. Norman Rosenblum on World Diabetes Day 2024: Empowering Global Health cihr-irsc.gc.ca New study suggests a shift in diabetes testing after pregnancy to improve women's health Sinai Health Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta ‘Sweat, spike, solve’: Research suggests a new strategy for people with Type 1 diabetes to lower blood sugar after exercise University of Alberta New clinical practice guidelines for type 1 diabetes released Breakthrough T1D Canada Patients with cancer and a history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease are at higher risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality International Agency for Research on Cancer Stopping diabetes at the YMCA cihr-irsc.gc.ca Can Type 2 Diabetes Be Reversed? Yale School of Medicine New options for controlling type 2 diabetes EurekAlert! Guidance on global monitoring for diabetes prevention and control: Framework, indicators and application World Health Organization (WHO) Facts and figures Breakthrough T1D Canada High muscle strength can prevent type 2 diabetes regardless of genetic susceptibility Medical Xpress Emma and Addison Eagles: Finding strength and hope in life with type 1 diabetes - Nova Scotia Health Mediterranean diet and diabetic microvascular complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Nutrition Data ties microplastics to hypertension, diabetes, stroke McKnight's Long-Term Care News nature-diabetes - University of Victoria - University of Victoria University of Victoria Urgent action needed as global diabetes cases increase four-fold over past decades World Health Organization (WHO) New-onset type 2 diabetes linked to higher colorectal, pancreatic, liver cancer risk MedicalNewsToday Diabetes Care in Nova Scotia: Support for Mental and Emotional Well-Being Nova Scotia Health Tirzepatide reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 94% in adults with pre-diabetes and obesity or overweight Eli Lilly and Company Raman Spectroscopy for Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes Physician's Weekly Understanding the cause of type 2 diabetes ScienceDirect.com With Diabetes on the Rise, Prevention is Key – Diabetes Awareness with Kayleigh Gordon Shared Health GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Improve Survival Rates in Kidney Transplant Recipients Endocrinology Advisor Weight-Loss Drug Use Has Risen Sharply Among Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 40% of Type 2 Diabetes Patients Stop Medication Within the First Year Technology Networks |
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